Thank you, so my name is James Beamer-Carr, I'll be presenting for Josh Dines. Just want to thank you for having us here and thank you to my co-authors for their great work on this paper. Disclosures are on the website, none relevant to this presentation. So excessive ipsilateral trunk tilt is often observed during earlier portions of the pitch cycle for baseball pitchers. Excessive contralateral trunk tilt, which is demonstrated in this figure here on the left, has been studied extensively. It's been shown to result in increased fastball velocity, increased elbow distraction force, as well as shoulder distraction force and elbow varus torque, as well as shoulder internal rotation torque. So again, this contralateral trunk tilt is when the pitcher is leaning away from the normal axis towards the glove side, whereas ipsilateral would be in the positive direction towards the arm side. So the objectives of this study, while contralateral trunk tilt has been thoroughly studied, effects of ipsilateral trunk tilt has not. So we sought to compare direction of lateral trunk tilt between high school and professional pitchers throughout the pitching motion, as well as evaluate differences in both kinetic and kinematic parameters for both high school and professional baseball pitchers who demonstrate excessive ipsilateral and contralateral trunk tilt. So we retrieved our data through an existing MODIS global database with pitchers who had previously undergone pitching assessments. Pitchers demonstrated no severe injury requiring more than two weeks of rest rehabilitation for the past six months prior to assessment. Each pitcher threw eight to 12 fastball pitches using 3D motion capture at 480 hertz. We had 58 high school pitchers and 284 pro pitchers that were included in our study. For both high school and pro pitchers, the average trunk tilt for all pitches was calculated at both foot contact and ball release. These were very similar between the two groups, as you can see, with an average of 13 degrees of ipsilateral trunk tilt at foot contact, and then 30 degrees of contralateral trunk tilt at ball release. We then created excessive tilt groups by isolating pitchers that were one standard deviation away from these norms at both foot contact and ball release, which would be 20 degrees of ipsilateral trunk tilt at foot contact, as well as 40 degrees of contralateral trunk tilt at ball release. We performed an ANOVA to examine the effect of the lateral trunk tilt on our kinematic and kinetic parameters. We also did a post hoc T-test to then further elucidate these significant findings, and then calculations were made for both high school and pro athletes. So this is looking at all pitchers, showing that professional pitchers demonstrate a higher amount of ipsilateral trunk tilt in the early phases of the throwing motion, and this was statistically significant, as we will show later. So this is now isolating out just high school pitchers. You can see a more wide variety of trunk tilt throughout the pitching motion, with larger amounts of contralateral trunk tilt early, as well as ipsilateral trunk tilt early within the cohort. This is now looking at just the professional pitchers, so you can see those lines getting closer together, especially in regards to less contralateral trunk tilt early in the pitching motion, and larger amounts of ipsilateral trunk tilt in the early pitching motion as well. So our results, so for high school pitchers with excessive contralateral trunk tilt, they had significantly higher shoulder superior force, significantly higher shoulder anterior force. Pro pitchers with excessive contralateral trunk tilt also had some unfavorable parameters as well, showing significantly higher elbow varus torque, as well as significantly higher internal rotation torque while maintaining similar ball velocity. For high school pitchers, every 10 degree increase in ipsilateral trunk tilt resulted in higher ball velocity and decreased shoulder superior force. No significant associations were noted between contralateral trunk tilt and ball velocity or their kinetic parameters. For pro pitchers, having 10 degree increase in ipsilateral trunk tilt at foot contact resulted in increased ball velocity, as well as a decrease in elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. And then lastly, in pro pitchers, every 10 degrees increase in contralateral torque did increase ball velocity, but also increased their elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. So lastly, by way of conclusion, both high school and pro pitchers with excessive ipsilateral trunk tilt demonstrated significantly decreased throwing arm kinetics. For high schoolers, decreased shoulder anterior force, as well as shoulder superior force. For professional pitchers, decreased elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. Pro pitchers engaged in greater ipsilateral trunk tilt earlier in the pitching motion. This may be a kinetically favorable adaptation in these high level pitchers to allow them to throw at such a high level. And then further research is warranted to determine if the kinetic impact of trunk tilt throughout the throwing motion may impact risk of injury. These are our references. And for those at the throwing injury session, you'll know that it's my anniversary today and just want to thank my wife for all of her support throughout the journey we've been on. A special thanks for all the times I have to do research at night or on the weekends and you're very supportive and understanding. So I literally wouldn't be here without you. And thanks for everything and happy anniversary. Thank you all for your attention.

contralateral trunk tilt

ipsilateral trunk tilt

high school pitchers

professional pitchers

shoulder and elbow forces